RESUMO
Bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops, but their populations are at risk when pesticides are used. One of the largest risks bees face is poisoning of floral nectar and pollen by insecticides. Studies of bee detection of neonicotinoids have reported contradictory evidence about whether bees can taste these pesticides in sucrose solutions and hence avoid them. Here, we use an assay for the detection of food aversion combined with single-sensillum electrophysiology to test whether the mouthparts of the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) detect the presence of pesticides in a solution that mimicked the nectar of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Bees did not avoid consuming solutions containing concentrations of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, or sulfoxaflor spanning six orders of magnitude, even when these solutions contained lethal doses. Only extremely high concentrations of the pesticides altered spiking in gustatory neurons through a slight reduction in firing rate or change in the rate of adaptation. These data provide strong evidence that bumblebees cannot detect or avoid field-relevant concentrations of pesticides using information from their mouthparts. As bees rarely contact floral nectar with other body parts, we predict that they are at high risk of unwittingly consuming pesticides in the nectar of pesticide-treated crops.
Bees and other pollinators often encounter pesticides while collecting nectar and pollen from agricultural crops. Widely used to protect crops, pesticides are toxic to insects and have contributed to population declines in all bee species. One way that bees might be able to avoid pesticides is using their incredibly good sense of taste, which can detect subtle differences between sugary solutions. Therefore, if pesticides taste bitter to them, bumblebees may be able to avoid feeding treated crops. However, it was not clear if bees can taste pesticides. Previous studies investigating whether they can taste a group of pesticides called "neonicotinoids" gave contradictory results. Furthermore, explicit behavioural tests of their ability to taste pesticides had not been performed. To shed light on this, Parkinson et al. compared the responses of neurons within structures used for detecting taste in bumblees eating a pure sugar solution with those eating a solution containing pesticides. Experiments with a group of pesticides known as 'cholinergic' showed that neuron responses were the same whether the sugar solution contained pesticides or not. Secondly, by looking at bumblebee feeding behaviour, Parkinson et al. found that bees offered both pure and pesticide-laced sugar solutions would still drink the pesticide solution, even when it was toxic enough to make them very ill or kill them. This was the case regardless of which pesticide was used. The experiments showed that bumblebees cannot use their sense of taste to avoid drinking pesticide-laced nectar, which is an important finding for policymakers making decisions about the use of pesticides on agricultural crops. It is possible that bees simply have a poor sense of bitter taste. However, in the future, these methods could be used to identify a compound that tastes bad to bees. Including such a compound in pesticides, could deter bees from feeding on pesticide-treated crops that do not require pollination, and help to restore their declining populations.
